Why Do We Have Dreams free essay sample

A brief interpretation of dreams and Sigmund Freuds analysis of why they occur. This paper covers dream interpretation, different types of dreams and why we have them. The author looks at some theories of Sigmund Freud, dream interpretation in different religions, REM sleep and provides some examples. Why do we have dreams? Many people wonder why we dream and what they mean. Research now shows that dreams occur during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. Most of those detailed dreams that we remember, researchers say, happen during REM sleep. REM sleep is a stage in our natural sleep cycle in which dreams occur. During REM sleep there is rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, increased pulse rate, and brain activity. (Lavie 65 70). View more: Who I Am

What to Capitalize in a Title

What to Capitalize in a Title The rules related to the capitalization of titles change depending on the formatting style you use in your document. For this quick review, well cover the most commonly used styles- particularly AP and Chicago styles- and the exact words to capitalize when writing in title case.The most common approach to capitalizing in title caseIn most cases, you will want to capitalize the first and last words of the title, along with all words except:Articles (a, an, the)Coordinating conjunctions fewer than four letters (and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet)Prepositions that are not used adjectivally or adverbially (at, by, in, of, to, on, up).Note: A major difference between AP and Chicago styles is Chicago style does not capitalize a long preposition, such as between; AP does.Below are examples of titles written following these rules:Stand by MeStand By for More (by is used adverbially, and thus should be capitalized)Located at the Top of the WorldNot Now or EverOnline resources for capitalizat ionIf you still get confused when trying to capitalize a title, there are a few great online resources you can use to make sure youve done it correctly.CapitalizeMyTitle.comCapitalize My Title allows you to write a title in one of the four main title capitalization styles: Chicago style, APA style, MLA style, and AP style. All you have to do is write in the title and choose a style, and the program will capitalize it for you based on the rules of that particular style.TitleCaseConverter.comTitle Case Converter advertises itself as A Smart Tool for Capitalizing Headlines and Titles. Similar to Capitalize My Title, Title Case Converter allows you to choose the style you want out of AP, APA, Chicago, MLA, New York Times or Wikipedia. It also gives you the options to keep words in all caps, enable multi-line input, show explanations (which provides explanations of why each word was capitalized or lowercased), highlight changes, and convert when text is pasted.So whats the deal with Is?A lot of writers falsely assume that is should not be capitalized in a title. However, is is a conjugation of the verb be, and therefore, should be treated just like any other verb in the sentence and capitalized.

Building Services & Sustainable Engineering--Plant & Maintenance Essay

Building Services & Sustainable Engineering--Plant & Maintenance - Essay Example As for expected learning outcomes, we will be able to size heating and cooling plant; also, it will be possible to predict summertime temperature and design systems to reduce overheating risks; furthermore, it is needed to estimate the preheating period required and annual energy use and carbon emmission; finally, we would prepare effective preventive maintenance schedule, considering innovative systems. Building Renovation Case Study Initially, we need to represent client's requirements, task, and marking criteria. Accordingly, as for the client's reauirments, the amount of outdoor air is required to the first and second floors of the given building which needs renovation. (Temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction are given properly in the Climate Record Data table.) Additionally, concerning the task, it is strongly recommended to review building regulation, suggesting some constructions which will meet building regulations for the room; then, it is needed to e stimate the operative temperature which is likely to occur in each of the rooms, calculating the cooling and heating loads for the building to keep the room operative temperature at a comfortable level; moreover, we have to select a heating and cooling plant capacity based on the design loads, showing the processes on psychometric charts for the summer season and proposing a maintenance procedure with estimation of a life cycle cost for the building owner to keep the system running. Therefore, to solve Problems 1 and 2 as they were represented by Figures 1 and 2, we might firstly state the most relevant points of the assignment: we have a task to reconstruct one of the two-storey buildings, which has a flat roof; running four production lines and having the width and length of respectively 150 and 100 metres, this first floor is shown in Figure 1; from the other perspective, as for the second floor, it has 60% of walls facing toward the South and East, being triple glazed with 6.4 m m air space, along with each window dimension as being estimated like 1.5x1x0.15 (respectively, its width, height, and thick); hovewer, the annual electricity supply fee to run the building is $20 per kilowatt, and the energy price is expected to increase 10% per year. So, due to the very hot temperature in the apartments during the summertime, it was suggested by the management that the building needs renovation concerning walls, windows, and ceiling: certainly, it must have been done according to Building Regulations' requirements. To conclude with, we are asked to estimate the capacities of the heating and cooling (see Appendix 1), keeping in view the sustainability and CO2 emmision issues. Review Building Regulation and Suggest the Constructions Which Will Meet Building Regulations for the Room We will start this sub-chapter with room conditions, then, will be analyzing current building regulations, being finally able to answer why the management wishes to renovate the building by reconstructing the walls, windows, and ceilings accordingly to the current building regulations, keeping in view the sustainability and CO2 emission issues. As we know, task is to reconstruct on

Proofs for the Existence of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proofs for the Existence of God - Essay Example There are unanswered questions even today about the importance and existence of God as creator of this universe or the galaxies that astronomers see through their ever more powerful telescope. If it is conceivable that this universe had a beginning and will have an end, then it is logical to assume that it must have had a creator, since nothing can be created out of nothing. While John Leslie in his treatise on the subject of ethically required existences argues that there must be proof of God somewhere in the system of things, St Anslem of old puts the cart before the horse and argues that the importance that religion and mankind gives to God proves his existence (Anslem, 4)1. Explication To my mind, both philosophers are arguing for the existence of God, but each from a different standpoint. John Leslie, in his argument for what he calls ‘ethically required existences’, relies on the tenets of naturalism and prescriptivism to explain his viewpoint (Leslie, 1972:222)2. St. Anslem however takes a more unconventional approach and states that to think of God is to think of the Greatest Power that the Universe has ever known, and undoubtedly since some Power created this Universe and every living and inanimate thing out of nothing at all, that Power can only be God and belong to God. No one can create something out of nothing except God. Therefore it is imperative that we believe in the existence of God, the Creator and Master of All the known universe and its galaxies etc. It is far better to accept the existence of God because each creature in the universe is the product of intelligent design and that presupposes a creator. Main Argument John Leslie starts with the notion that we cannot label anything as intrinsically good or bad unless we know what good and bad is, therefore we are making a judgment that can only depend on prior knowledge or something that is inherent in man’s nature or existence. If morality or ethical behavior is what sepa rates us from the animals or at any rate, the creatures that lie below us on the totem pole of existence, then there is someone or something that put it in our hearts, or minds and our souls, and that could only be God. No wonder it is often said that ‘Conscience is the voice of God in man’. The very fact that we all come into this earthly existence with an inbuilt sense of morality is proof enough of the existence of God, a creator that prefers us to be good and do good, but has given us free will all the same, in order to test our level of obedience to him in this earthly life. To support St. Anslem’s argument, since it is so confusing, I prefer to put forward what has been called Pascal’s Wager to prove the existence of God. Pascal’s Wager induces us to wager that there is a God, rather than there is not. He has very interestingly drawn out parallels whether we believe in God or do not believe in God because we cannot do both. Either we believe i n the existence of a Supreme Being or we do not. But suppose if we did and there is indeed a God that meets us at the Pearly Gates or whatever as we pass into the afterlife. In that case we would indeed be pleased that we assumed correctly that God did exist. Indeed this assumption also makes our moral life on Earth easier as well. We take pains to do good and be good because

Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Outsourcing - Essay Example sourcing lies in the incompatibility of effective stakeholder participation with outsourcing projects especially those who outsource globally because very often this outsourcing takes place in far-flung corners of the world and which the stakeholders find it difficult to handle because of clash of culture and work environment. Like any other business the outsourcing process has its own pros and cons which play a big hand in either the success or the failure of the project. If the management of the tow parties is excellent and there is mutual trust and understanding between the firm and the vendor during the ongoing outsourcing project, the entire process will be successful and not incompatible with effective stakeholder participation. Technology in the information sector has progressed in leaps and bounds and entirely dominates modern life. From the lordly space shuttle to the lowly air conditioner appliance, computers are a part and parcel of every electronic system. To meet the needs of various types of systems and organizations dependent on those systems, different types of system development approaches have evolved. Some of them are: prototyping, rapid application development, system development life cycle or SDLC and object oriented methodology. The whole purpose of these methods is to enable the stakeholders to use reliable, steady and easy-to-maintain systems. The stakeholders may be technical supporters, direct managers, daily users and anyone who can participate in the system. Outsourcing is basically the result of the insistent demand for high quality information systems or IS along with the burden of paring down costs in the internal information technology or IT department of companies. As mentioned ea rlier, these last few years have seen the rapid development of Information System Outsourcing and many companies either outsource part or wholly of there is services to a third party which can be one or many vendors. This essay will briefly discus system

Porters Five Forces Analysis Aids Marketing Essay

Porters Five Forces Analysis Aids Marketing Essay Introduction Porters Five Forces Analysis aids a business in cross checking a competitive environment. It has similarities with other tools for environmental analysis, such as PEST analysis, but is more likely to focus on the single or a stand alone, business rather than a single product or range of products, before Michael E Porter devised the five forces model there was a way of think which implied that due to competition the rate of return in an industry would be constant across all firms and industries, this way of thinking contrasted a number of studies which has identified that different industries were in fact able to maintain different levels of profit which was due to the way a industry was structured. different industries can sustain different levels of profitability (Porter, M (23/04/10). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors) Michael E Porter presented a structure that replicates an industry as being influenced by five forces. These five forcers are barriers to entry, supplier power, threats of substitutes, buyer power and degree of rivalry with in the industry. Based on this analysis, a company can develop a competitive strategy for gaining and sustaining competitive advantages over rival firms and thereby generating above-average return on investments. (Niederhut-Bollmann, C, Theuvsen, L,. (23/04/2010). Strategic management in turbulent markets) Porters Five Forces provide a simple framework to analysis an industry structure and view its potential for profitability. It works by looking at the strength of five important forces that affect competition. Rivalry With reference to economics, competition among companies will forces over all profits to zero (Iupindia, D. (24/4/10). Journal of Applied Economics), but because there is no-such thing as perfect competition firms in any industry will continue to attempt to achieve a competitive advantage over rival companies, to help a company achieve an advantage over its competitors it can use a number of competitive moves such as: Changing the prices of its service or product, Improving product differentiation, using the most appropriate channels of distribution or developing relationships with suppliers. (Porter, Michael E.. (24/4/10). THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES THAT SHAPE STRATEGY ) When classifying the intensity of a companys rivalry there a number of different unique points which help to identify how competitive that industry is. If there are a number of large firms in an industry these firms are competing for the same customers and resources (Porter, Michael E. (25/4/10). How competitive forces shape strategy). This rivalry increases if the companies in the industry all have equal market share. Slow market growth will also cause an increase in rivalry as firms are forced to compete for limited market share in contrast an industry which is growing rapidly will have higher revenue and a bigger market share due to the fact that there are so many emerging consumers. Added to the slow market growth and the number of firms in an industry, low product differentiation can also affect the amount of rivalry in an industry a perfect example is the Smartphone industry, all the phone are the same and offering the same benefits to the consumer. But by offering or creating a brand identity a company can restrict the amount of rivalry in the industry again a example is in the Smartphone industry Apple has been able to create a successful brand which differentiates them from there competitors. When an industry is producing higher profits it entices new entrants into the market this in turn increase the amount of rivalry. At a certain point in the product life cycle an industry will have too many competitors and the industry can become crowed, with all these business producing the same product the market becomes saturated creating a position of too many products and not enough buyers Threat of Substitutes The Threat of Substitutes means other products which are in other industries affecting the product which is being produced. If a substitute product is limiting the ability of the industry to raise prices it falls in to the category of a substitute. For example BHP Billiton is a mining company which extracts minerals from the ground such as iron ore another mining company which extracts oil from the ocean would be a substitute. While the threat of substitute normaly affects an industry via a completive price strategy it can also pose a threat in areas such as technology and resources. Buyer Power When an industry has a strong buyer power it suggests that the consumers have an impact on the companies. These buyers are able to set prices and dictate to the industries what they want; this is prevalent in industries where there are many suppliers and only one buyer for example in the car manufacturing industry there are many makers of cars and they all need tires but there are only a few companies that make tiers. Supplier Power If an industry requires raw materials such as metal, labor or commodities it creates a relationship with a company that supplies the specific need and want that the industry is looking for. If the supplier are powerful and have a large market share they are able to influence the producing industry a perfect example of this is BHP Billiton. BHP Billiton is able to sell its raw materials such as iron ore to countries such as china at higher price which allows the company to capture some of the profits which are had by the metal industry. Barriers to Entry New firms entering an industry affect competition Barriers to entry benefit existing companies already operating in an industry because  they  protect  an established companys  revenues and profits from being whittled away by  new competitors.( J Cramer. (01/05/2010). Barriers To Entry. Available) Barriers can be exploited and used to improve the competitive advantage of the company. These barriers can be caused by the Government who regulate some industries by allowing monopolies for example Telstra who have a monopoly over the telecommunication business, legal patents which are used by companies who have a entrepreneurial idea, having specific assets such as technology which is required to produce a particular product and having cost effective economies of scale which is the point where the cost of producing a unit is at a minimum. Porter five forcers can also be used to determine the attractiveness of an industry or market as measured by the long-term return on investment of a average firm which depends largely on the five factors Michael E Porter developed, these factors influence Profitability, The intensity of competition among existing competitors, the existence of potential competitors who will enter if profits are high, substitute products that will attract customers if prices become high, the bargaining power of the customer and the bargaining power of suppliers (Aaker, D (23/04/10). Strategic Market Management) As BHP Billiton has a lot of financial strength which has been created though well planed cash flow and balance sheets, a variety of products and customers, as well as access to global assets and an always expanding stage of prospects, they are able to determine how a buyers must act an example of this is when BHP Billiton dictated iron-ore prices to steelmakers (Sarah-Jane Tasker. (23/04/2010). Giant iron ore producers are dictating price, says Beijing) In 2009 BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto Signed a Joint Venture which allowed the two companies to control and encompasses all current and future Western Australian iron ore assets and liabilities, this has decreased the amount of competition in the mining industry, as well as eliminating the threat of potential entrants, the joint venture has also allowed the two companies to increased there barging power in terms of exporting the iron-ore, at the same time cutting the bargaining power of those customers, as there is not substitutes for minerals BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto will be able to continue to create a profit in the industry. There are some arguments which view the Porters five force model as out of date and touch with the twenty-first century way of conducting business. Dagmar Recklies who has extensive experience in the strategic analysis of markets, companies and business models also a wide knowledge in the development and implementation of concepts for strategic planning writes that Porters ideas have become more and more subject of critique under the impression of the developing Internet economy during the last decade. Critics point out that economic conditions have changed fundamentally since that time. The rise of the Internet and of various e-business applications has strongly influenced nearly all industries. (Recklies, D. (2/5/10). Beyond Porter A Critique of the Critique of Porter) As Michael E Porter is viewed as one of the most influential people in the strategic management way of thinking; his models have grown and are being used by managers and business all around the world, even though his models are based on the economic situations in the eighties his theories are still relent even in a time where a majority of business is done on line. I believe internet competition in any industry has increased. The internet allows business to trade and stay competitive not only locally but global. Many products and even some service operate solely online for example using the porters five force model and applying it to the internet and companies which use only internet it is possible to explain how a business can remain completive. Buyer power Customers are able to have a better buyer power when there are more choices in an industry, as with business operating via the internet offering a wider choice of goods and services at lower cost play to how a customer wants to purchase, an example of this is eBay there are millions of different products at lower then retail cost meaning that consumers have a wide choice of products. Supplier power Supplier power is the opposite to buyer power where by buyers have less choices in an industry in relation to the internet and purchasing products on the internet companies such as Google dominate the internet, other companies use this website as a vehicle to recommend there product to the consumer while paying Google for the opportunity to advertise via there site. Threat of substitutes As stated early the threat of substitute is high when there are many product options. The internet allows a consumer to shop around and purchase there product form other countries or business where the cost of manufacturing is cheaper. Barriers to entry The threat of a new entrant into the market which you are competing in is high, it is very easy for a local business to setup an internet website and start selling there product. Even though there is high competition on the internet there is always an opportunity for a business to sell or offer a new product or service. Rivalry In relation to business operating via the internet there is extensive amount of rivalry which will effect how a modern day internet business is able to gain a competitive advantage but by viewing the above factors it will allow the particular business to view the correct direction and strength to successful attain a profit Porters Five Forces Model can help demonstrate the attractiveness of starting an on-line business. A business person should use the model to identify competition, make a plan, and implement the process. (Bennett, J. (2/5/2010). Porters Five Forces Model And Internet Competition) As stated in the article by J, Bennett porters five force model is still applicable to the way companies do business on the internet you still need to assess you Buyer Power, Supplier power, what threats you product or service has and what the barriers to entry are Even through Dagmar Recklies states that: these models cannot explain or analyze todays dynamic changes and have the power to transform whole industries (Recklies, D. (2/5/10). Beyond Porter A Critique of the Critique of Porter) what needs to be understood is that the business running on the internet are still business and they are still subjected to industry competition and that porters five force model will still help a company to analysis how competitive there industry is. There are a number of other models which would help a company determine how competitive the industry is that they are competing in. The Ansoff Matrix proposes that a company will mature whether it markets new or existing products in a new or existing market. If done correctly the Ansoff Matrix will be able to guide a company by suggesting a growth strategy such as; Market penetration, product development, market development and diversification. Market Penetration This strategy consists of developing companies products to an existing market. This strategy will help a company achieve objectives such as; maintaining or increasing the market share on current products, become a market leader, it can help remove competitors from a market and increase the amount existing customers use Product development The Product development strategy can be used to introduce a new product into existing markets for example developing needs and wants so it can appeal to the particular existing market. Market development This strategy is used to help a company trade an old product in a new market for example selling a product over seas, lowering prices which will attract new customers or distributing a product via a different channel. Diversification Diversification is a growth strategy where by a business markets new products in new market this strategy is very riskey due to the fact the business is moving into a market that it has little or no experience in For a business to adopt a diversification strategy, therefore, it must have a clear idea about what it expects to gain from the strategy and an honest assessment of the risks. . (Chapman, A. (2/5/2010). business plans and marketing strategy) Compared to the Porters five force model the Ansoff matrix can be a useful extension to encompass the degree of risk a company will experience by venturing into a new/expanding market (Bennett, R. Vignali, C. (1996). Dancall Telecom A/S in the UK mobile telephone market) it also deals with the possibility that an industry could be attractive because certain companies are in it, such as the Smartphone industry looks like a positive industry to be in but this is only due to Apple being so dominant. The Ansoff Growth matrix is used as a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy where as Porters Five Forces is designed as a tool to help managers view a industries opportunities and threats allowing for a completive advantage to be formed. Conclusion In conclusion Porters Five Forces Analysis is a significant model for reviewing the possible for profitability in an industry. It works by looking at the strength of five important forces that affect competition, Supplier Power which is the power of suppliers to drive up the prices of inputs, Buyer Power which is the power customers to drive down prices, Competitive Rivalry which is able to evaluate the strengths of business in a industry, The Threat of Substitution helps reference the amount of different products and services that can be used in place of your own and finally The Threat of New Entry which refers to the ease with which new competitors can enter the market. If a company applies this model it will assist the business in viewing and identifying the strengths and directions in which they need to head to sustain profit in there given industry Literature and References: Porter, M (10/1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors . NY, USA: Free Press. 34-56. Aaker, D (2008). Strategic Market Management. 9th ed. New Caledonia: Jonh Wiley Sons, Inc. 67-68 Sarah-Jane Tasker. (2010). Giant iron ore producers are dictating price, says Beijing. Available: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/giant-iron-ore-producers-are-dictating-price-says-beijing/story-e6frg8zx-1225854289070. Last accessed 23/04/2010. Niederhut-Bollmann, C, Theuvsen, L,. (2008). Strategic management in turbulent markets. The case of the German and Croatian brewing industries. 1 (2), 64. Porter, Michael E.. (Jan2008). THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES THAT SHAPE STRATEGY.. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 86 (16), 78-93. J Cramer. (2010). Barriers To Entry. Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/barrierstoentry.asp. Last accessed 1/05/2010. Recklies, D. (2008). Beyond Porter A Critique of the Critique of Porter. Available: http://www.themanager.org/strategy/BeyondPorter.htm. Last accessed 01/05/2010. Recklies, D. Recklies, O. (2000). Who We Are. Available: http://www.themanager.org/rmpenglish/self.htm. Last accessed 2/05/2010. Bennett, J. (2010). Porters Five Forces Model And Internet Competition . Available: http://ezinearticles.com/?Porters-Five-Forces-Model-And-Internet-Competitionid=446461. Last accessed 2/05/2010. Chapman, A. (2008). business plans and marketing strategy. Available: http://www.businessballs.com/freebusinessplansandmarketingtemplates.htm#ansoff%20product%20market%20matrix. Last accessed 2/05/2010. Bennett, R. Vignali, C. (1996). Dancall Telecom A/S in the UK mobile telephone market.(European Marketing Management Issues: A Case Study Selection).. Management Decision . 24 (8), 6-11. Wierenga B., Knowledge Based Systems in Marketing, Purpose, Performance, Perceptions and Perspectives,Management Report Series, no. 112, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dept. of Business Management,1992. Iupindia, D. (2010). Journal of Applied Economics. IUP. 9 (2), 1-24. Porter, Michael E. (1980). How competitive forces shape strategy.. Harvard Business Journal. 2 (17), 34-50. Coyne, K.P. and Sujit Balakrishnan (1996),Bringing discipline to strategy, The McKinsey Quarterly, No.4. Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980. SEC Form 20-F, BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton plc, for FY 2007 (PDF). BHP Billiton. 2007-09-26. p.  274. http://www.bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/20fstatement2007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-09. BHP wont be drawn on a Rio sweetener. FT.com (Financial Times). 2007-11-28. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fe0b3904-9d88-11dc-9f68-0000779fd2ac.html. Retrieved 2007-11-28. Pump Industry Analyst. (2010). BHP Billiton plans iron ore mining expansion in Western Australia.. Iron Ore Mining. 1 (2), 3-4. Richardson, M. Evans, C. (2007). Strategy in Action Applying Ansoffs Matrix.. British Journal of Administrative Management; . 59 (3), 1-3.

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays research papers

The forest a great place of evil. The story of the Scarlet Letter and Goodamn Brown bolth portray the forest as being evil according to Puritan society. According to the Puritans anything that had to do with great freedom was evil. They were a very strict people, and had many rules. The people belived that everuthing that gave them hiding from their lords judgment was evil. They wanted evil to suffer during their life , and to not commit sins. By this belief it was thought that people might get lucky and go to heaven. In the Scarlet Letter the forest is portrayed as a very evil place. It is a plce where people could hide from their judgment of the Puritans. For Hester it was a place where she could relax, and take off the A. By the judgment of the Puritans Hester was never allowed to take off her A. In the forest Hetser has the power to express her true feeling, and to enjoy her life. She does this without the Puritans of the town judging her. The forest lets her do whatever she wants in it, and not be seen or punished for it by the Puritans. To the Puritans an act like that would be very sinnester, and would receive great punishment. A true Puritan according to their law should never endulge themselves. The forest hid these aspects of Hester from the Puritans, and allowed for lots of freedom. Which made it evil to the Puritan people. For Dimmesdale the forest was a place where he could get away from the Puritans. In the forest he commited many things that would be consider very evil by the Puritans. The forest let him express his true quilt anou the letter. Also it let him be the person he was, and no the pure preacher. In the forest he met with the people who he should of never talked to in town. He met Hester and his child Pearl their.

Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary

There has been a long debate about the Constitutionality of paid military chaplains. Is there a legal basis for such or is it a mere supposition? Does the government have a legitimate and legal basis to pay chaplains for their services or is it doing so â€Å"just because† and is getting away with it? Could it be legally challenged and done away with? These are the questions. The First Amendment of the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution is the legal basis of the military chaplaincy. Here is how.The First Amendment states: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The amendment is generally viewed as being composed of two separate clauses; the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. Each of these clauses is designed to protect those fundamental human rights which are so foundational to the ideals of our nation: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.There are many references to the military chaplaincies as legitimate exceptions to the â€Å"Establishment Clause† because they provide the right of â€Å"free exercise† of religion that is equally guaranteed under the First Amendment. It is this most important point that the chaplaincy clearly provides the military with a constitutional function, the â€Å"free exercise† of religion. The legal debate over paid chaplains sits on both clauses of the First Amendment: 1) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 2) or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;Describe your understanding of praying in â€Å"Jesus Name. I have been fortunate in that I have not experienced any direct pressure in regards to praying in Jesus’ name. However, during public prayer in which soldiers are required to be in attendance, I always make the statement â€Å"As I pray in my tradition, I encourage you to prayer in yours. † This should be a common statement among chaplains. `Generally speaking, it is not soldiers of other faith traditions that are offended by prayers in Jesus’name, it is usually soldiers of no faith tradition whatsoever.Furthermore, although there are stories of religious persecution on both sides of the issue (Religious soldiers and Non- Religious soldiers), these issues have a tendency to be very allocated and reflect the particular command environment that the Chaplain is serving under. This is a very troubling issue and the best resolve is the development of a healthy relationship between the Chaplain and the Command in which the chaplain has the opportunity to advise the commander on these complicated issues. In reality, this can become quite complicated and some commanders have strong views on this topic (on both sides of the argument).Is it worth derailing many years of representing Christ to soldiers over the particular views of one commander? I would suggest that sometimes it is prudent to just get in the basket and go over the wall. Finally, I also understand that Chaplains and Chaplain Candidates like myself, that pray Christian prayers should be prepared to hear and support the right of Jewish and Muslim Chaplains to pray in their particular tradition as well. Finally, describe your understanding of the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† Policy and other issues of which you may be concerned.According to the Don’t Ask Don’t Tell repeal, service members will not be involuntarily separated for lawful homosexual conduct. Sexual orientation remains a personal and private matter. Sexual orientation and lawful homosexual conduct (statements, acts or same-sex marriage) are not a basis for separation, reassignment or special consideration. Sailors may inform others of their sexual orientation at their own discretion. In fact, the Department of Defense will not ask service members to identify their sexual orientation.The Department of Defense will not collect or maintain data on an individual’s sexual orientation. This Department of Defense policy on sexual orientation applies equally to all members of the Active, Reserve, and National Guard components of the military. With that being said, what does this mean in relationship to providing worship and counseling services to men and women who can now be open with their lifestyle. Chaplains will continue to have the very same freedom to practice their religion according to the tenets of their faith.In the context of their religious ministry, chaplains are not required to take actions that are inconsistent with their religious beliefs (e. g. , altering the content of sermons or religious counseling, sharing a pulpit with other chaplains or modifying forms of prayer or worship). However, when it comes to ministering to someone who is a homosexual , I feel that it is the pastor’s or chaplain’s duty to do so. The Title â€Å"pastor† suggests two functions of church leaders so designated: nurturing and guidance.The nurturing aspect includes the general Christian responsibility of showing compassion for others, but his responsibility is accentuated because a pastor must set the example. Pastors or Chaplains must indeed set the example. Homosexual or not, that person who seeks counsel is still one of God’s children only in a fallen state. Then again, aren’t we all? We are all still a work in progress. There isn’t a human being on this Earth that has defeated sin or struggle with sin. So I think some compassion is warranted when it comes to ministering to homosexuals.

Post Modern Style of Mass Communication Essay Example

Post Modern Style of Mass Communication Essay Example Post Modern Style of Mass Communication Essay Post Modern Style of Mass Communication Essay This paper discusses about the changing styles of mass communication with the advancement of technology. The paper traces the evolution of mass media from primitive times to the ultramodern techno savvy modern media of mass communication along with the progression of stylistics of presentation, language, content. For the sake of convenience the history of mass media is divided into five stages viz. Pre-printing media, Print media, Radio Films, Television Ultramodern Media. All these media have developed their own style of communication with masses and technology was instrumental for this change. Prologue Communication is an inevitable aspect of life. And each living being has its own style of communication. Human communication is the most complex out of all these communications. Technology added to it made it more effective, rapid, and continuous with the wide reach. Development of language was the most essential factor of human civilisation. Certainly language proves to be an important medium of human communication. Primitive civilisations had developed the techniques to communicate to the large number of people but those techniques were fundamentally the techniques of group communication, till the invention of printing technology. Printing technology was responsible to start the new genus of communication titled mass communication. Experiments on sound and transmission of sound waves from one corner of the world to another opened the new horizons to mass communication. These gradual progressions helped the mankind to evolve with new civilisation and life style which we name as information era. It is really interesting to plot and study the graph of technological development of mass communication and its co-relation with the changing styles of communication. Hence the author has selected this topic for her paper presentation. The word Style is defined in various ways. The dictionary meaning is as follows: Style: i. A kind or sort especially in regard to appearance and form; ii. A manner of writing or speaking or performing; iii. The distinctive manner of a person or school or period, especially in relation to painting, architecture, furniture, dress, etc. ; iv. The correct way of designating a person or thing; A superior quality or manner; v. A particular make, shape, or pattern[1] Similarly Stylistics[2] is defined as: The study of literary style. A branch of modern linguistics devoted to the detailed analysis of literary style, or of the linguistic choices made by speakers and writers in non-literary contexts. Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose (1996)[3]. The term Mass Communication is referred to as: A process in which professional communicators use media to disseminate message widely, rapidly and continuously to arouse intended meanings in large diverse audience in attempt to influence them in a variety of ways. 4] While reviewing the above definitions it is clear that without developing specific styles the professional communicators cannot communicate with masses. The author went through the history of media development and deduced some interesting result. For the sake of convenience she divided the time period into five slots: Pre-printing era, Printing era, Radio and Films era, Television Era and Post Modern Era of Interactive Media. The Th eme The medium is the integral part of communication process hence important element of media study. The medium plays key role in defining the form, pattern and style of the message to be communicated. With the evolution of human race the expression and communication styles vary along with the medium used. The brief account of the above phenomenon is given below. Pre-printing media: The folk media were the only means of group communication then. The genera of mass communication were missing in the society. These folk media were without any technology and the tradition of verbal communication was very strong. Therefore, the era gave first preference to language as it was the only mean of communication to allure the public. It helped in developing language as a basic and fundamental skill of human socio-psyche. Syntax, grammar, etymology, phonetics and other aspects of linguistics evolved. Vocabulary Synonyms, antonyms, idioms and phrases, spellings were the most important elements of this skill. Among all these folk media Drama is the most popular one even today. If it is considered as an example of group media without technology then the style followed by it is referred to as four dimensional style of communication. The stage where the drama is performed has length, breadth and height, the sets and the property used also have these three dimensions and the artistes performing too. The fourth dimension is the time. The artistes and the audience share the same time frame and hence the style of communication is the Four Dimensional one. All the live performances predominantly follow this style. Secondly the total body of the presenter speaks in the presentation along with the stage ambience, costume and drapery, the proximics among co-artistes and audience, usage of stage, set property, timing. The style of these media involves both the performers and the audience as it gives a wholistic approach. Print media: Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced what is regarded as an independent invention of movable type in Europe (see printing press), along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin and antimony – the same components still used today. 5] The print media are the language dependent media which further helped the languages to have concrete and formal development. The added the elegance and richness to the lingual expressions and literary glitterati. The style used in the lingual interaction was very flowery, well-designed, robust and more descriptive. Thus style was of slow, lengthy and specious. The print media used various genera for expression of thoughts, the style used was very serious as regard to precision and placement of words which was precisely non-personal in nature. The writer and the reader have one to one communication without sharing the time and meeting each other. The process of codification and concretization took place during this phase of time. Print media especially the newspaper took up a peculiar style for news writing which labeled as ‘Inverted Pyramid Style of Writing’. The most important point is the to be focused first and the least important at the last. This is exactly opposite of story telling where climax appears at the last. Inclusion of 5 ‘Ws’ who, where, when, what, why and 1 ‘H’ how are to be answered in the news and stick to them. Now with the profuse growth of electronic media i. e. News Channels the element ‘I’ means impact of the event is also mentioned in the news report. No verbosity and extra information is to be included is the golden rule followed by the news writers. Phrases like ‘information received from reliable resources or as reported by so and so news agency.. conflict between two racial groups etc. ’ are frequently in use. The news reports are the factual reports written with precision, clarity, accuracy and brevity with out any ambiguity and mystery. The first paragraph of the news is known as ‘intro’. The stalwarts of news reporting developed various styles of ‘intro’ e. g. bullet intro, summery intro, figurative intro, quotation intro, descriptive intro etc. [6] Radio Films: The media which took over next were truly technology based and definitely revolutionary in nature. The miracle to transmit voice from one part of the earth to another was possible due to the uninterrupted efforts of physicists like Graham Bell, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Morse, Herzt Marconi, etc. The first ever techno-based medium was audio and thus again verbal communication was stressed upon. Since it was advanced as regard to that time period it had elite, urban and sophisticated monotonous style. Only monologue, standardized, formal language symbols were in use although the radio professionals pretended to be colloquial in lingual usage. This was also a non-personal presentation based on phonetics, voice modulation, diction and clarity. Using microphone with best efficiency and efficacy with the time bound presentation, were the essential qualification and here starts the blending of technology in the mass communication process. Phrases like ‘due to some unavoidable reasons we are unable to. or this is So So station and you are listening to. you were just listening to . ’ were repeatedly in use creating monotony. Encompassing all the subjects to cater to all the listeners the radio had adopted its own style of presentation through audio images only. Thus the styled can be named as Audio Imagery style of presentation. Cinema: The first non personal audio-visual presentation with the help of motion pictures was magic of science and art together. A two dimensional medium projected on the screen had bigger images never seen before. The ideas that can be transformed into visual images are presented visually and the rest verbally. The words have less to narrate, hence language, for the first time in the history of communication became secondary in nature. Audio-visual presentation made the things easy to say but complex to present. Being the director’s medium, cinema soon became the most popular medium in the communication story. ‘Writing in motion’ is the most commonly used term for cinema. Every director molded the medium in his own style by camera angles, movements, dialogues, sequence, music and back-ground score, location and editing. Apart from the directorial style cinema has ‘Larger Than Life Audio Visual Imagery’ style which is found as common characteristic of the medium. A stereotypical example of Indian Cinema in 40s and 50s is – not showing the death of the character directly on the screen but symbolizing it with the extinguishing flame of the oil lamp due to the blow of storming wind coupled with a sad tune of string instrument like violin or sarangi and human scream. The visual image of the extinguished lamp and the audio of stormy wind plus sad tune and human scream together facilitate the director to tell the audience about the sad demise of the character in a very subtle and aesthetically strong way. This audio-visual feel is certainly more universal and general than that of literary feel thus named as ‘larger than life audio visual imagery’. Television: The small screen is the true modern mass communication medium. The medium which is available inside the home, can provide audio-visual information wrapped in the entertainment and most important, it is user friendly. The 24 hrs access to TV transmission is another main facet to make this medium the most popular one. Every strata of the society is hooked by this ‘idiot box’ for its never ending entertainment programmes. Although cinema and TV both are audio visual media the technology differs. Cinema is the projection medium, serious in nature. The audience have to make up their minds to go to the theatre, buy the tickets and sit in the chair for nearly 3 hrs with one interval of about 5 to 10 minutes, whereas, TV is the transmission medium, and very casual in nature. Apart from the technological differences, style of presentation is also different. Both the media are Two dimensional but the aspect ratio of the dimensions differ hence the style. TV is a close-up medium and it is also referred to as editor’s medium. It has a short lived effect and the approach of the audience towards this medium is very informal. Many a times TV programmes provide background score and nothing much. At the same time the ambience in which TV is watched is almost the same for each family as the decor is changed hardly once a year or so. Thus to avoid monotony external appearance of this medium more and more excitement is inserted in the content of the TV programmes. The efforts put in to create excitement do not prove to be successful every time leading it to non-serious, superficial presentation. The speed of transmission had added new dimension to the style of TV presentation. The private channels especially news channels using satellites for telecasting their programmes had developed BBC and American style of news presentation. Indian news-casters follow American style of news-casting which is predominantly focusing on shallow issues blown up disproportionately with unwanted repetitive details told in crispy language and loud tone. Purity of language and selection of words are at stake. For example to create excitement for hooking the audience and keeping them glued to the same news-channel, the words which were used only in emergency like breaking news, exclusive news are being used so often that these words lost their importance in the journalistic parlance. The style of entertainment channels is glossy, gaudy and extravagant visuals of rich and high class society with cliche scene and dialogues aimed to propagate consumerist approach of life style. Market forces and materialistic trends coated in the Indian culture, add to the formation of this strange style. Most of the time communication of the content is the prime concern and not the language, therefore, usage of words borrowed from English are frequently found in almost all the genera of Television programmes of vernacular languages. The presenters of Phone in Programmes and even news-casters use the language which apparently looks informal, friendly, colloquial giving a feel of closeness to the unknown listener or viewer but actually maintain distance. Thus the style can be referred to as ‘Pseudo-informative style’. Ultramodern Media: Internet and mobiles are the latest gadgets well equipped with modern technology. This technology is well accepted as Information Technology which makes all kinds of information gathering, processing and transporting feasible with finger stroke. The young generation who is proficient in using this technology is now living in information era. The information is flowing at the speed of light covering every nook and corner of the world. Both these gadgets are the interactive media and are responsible to make the whole society media dependent. The first and the most prominent impact of this post modern mass communication media is the changed life style. The people are well connected and well informed. Marshall McLuhan explained this phenomenon as ‘Information Explosion and Implosion. ’[7] The Internet is the most popular medium for information access as it provides the facility of random access and the individual can reach the desired topic within a very short span. The effect of this random access can be seen in the reference books also by the addition of subject index with bibliography. The impact of this facility can be observed as the people using it do not go through the whole text of the book or the webpage but directly reach the required point. It is certainly a time saving activity but one looses the opportunity to go through context and related information. The information is huge in quantity but in-depth knowledge and wisdom is in paucity. The language symbol usage is the at the minimal level as the visuals – graphics and animations are available in ready-to-use forms. The spellings like you, we, before, to, please, thank you are abbreviated to u, v, b4, 2 pl, tq and are so much in use that soon they will be seen in the formal correspondence as a regular feature. The usage of SMS is growing leaps and bounds and the users are habituated to express every thing into 160 characters only chopping off all the unnecessary alphabets. Use of emoticons for expressions [pic] = happy, [pic]= sad etc. is the latest style to use minimum symbols for maximum expression. To support the communication not only written words but also pictures, music and animated images are used in these multi media gadgets giving the opportunity to use all possible way to communicate with maximum delimitation. Thus this style can be referred to as ‘Delimiting Style’ of post modern communication. The Epilogue The inference of above discussion is put forward in brevity as The technology has deep and everlasting impact on the styles of communication especially mass communication. The style change is directly proportional to the change and advancement of technology. The mass communication in post modern era has turned out to be interactive communication in ‘Delimiting Style’ with usage of minimal language symbols in combination with audio and visual clips.

Leadership and management Essays (293 words) - Leadership

Leadership and management Essays (293 words) - Leadership Leadership and management:- Leadership Management In today's volatile, uncertainties, ambiguous and complex environment, leaders are required to deal with the emerging threats to handle the business operations effectively . As mentioned by Bolden (2016), unique leadership style and characteristics of managers identifies the abilities to lead the organization in positive direction by solving the complex business problems. Leadership and management in the organization enable the business to maximise efficiency so that the organization can achieve its goal successfully . Mainly, it is observed in most of the firm that senior management team is provided training on leadership styles so that they can assist their team for having business growth . Moreover, leadership quality also enables to gain power in politics which is required for starting a new policy. As commented by Saleem (2015), management and leadership are the important concept for delivering effective services to the customers. Although, these two terms are quite similar, however, these may consist of various types of skills, behaviour and outlooks. It is found that good managers require striving for being a good leader as they require adopting management skills effectively. On another note, Olins (2017) stated that leadership require having a distinct vision and being able to motivate their team for achieving the goal successfully. For an example, in organization, BHP Billiton's management team uses autocratic leadership style which enables the managers to implement high quality workforce. The company is found to use integral approach of leadership which prompt in in-depth discussions and team meeting that enable to maximise the potentials of leaders. This example of BHP Billiton shows that the leadership team of the company is effectively gaining communicatio n and other skills which help them to apply it in their workplace.

Web page wording Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Web page wording - Essay Example g wide-ranging creation services including web design, graphics design creation and implementation of printing , covering wide aspects of advertising, corporate image, branding, and marketing development. With this goal in mind, we’ve produced many aesthetic-appealed designs. Yet, we’ll never compromise on quality and the commitment that we offer to our clients to provide the desired outcome. Thus, we keep moving toward growth and beyond, delivering the simplest yet most fruitful solutions to your marketing communication needs. Additionally, with our assistance, your  website will also potentially rank higher as compared to your competitors bringing in more sales and leads to you! This website comprises of a collection of web pages that are manually connected. Minimal scripting and HTML coding are used for this site. The hypertext or HTML files are then stored on a server, as per the clients requirements. If any changes are made later, the hypertext files are required to be changed, saved and uploaded again to your server. Brochure type website is effective when its only purpose is to act as a display platform for your products or services. This kind of website is idyllic for small organizations, beginners and businesses that have a less diversity of products and services. So if you dont need regular updates for your website, this is the best option for you! Just because your website is static, it doesnt have to be dull and lifeless. We have one of the most creative design team that can deliver stunning websites which catches the attention and keep your visitors clicking on your links. For us every website is a blank new canvas and our designing team with their creativity makes it vibrant and spectacular. CMS stands for Content Management System and Drupal is the best open source application to develop CMS. It is used by some of the biggest sites like The Economist and The White House. If you are in need of Content Management and are looking for Drupal

Critical Thinking Argument Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Thinking Argument Paper - Assignment Example The energy wasted in the process far exceeds the energy we actually receive from these renewable sources. For these reasons, my conclusion is that the solar, wind, and hydraulic sources of renewable energy cannot be a feasible and permanent alternative to coal. Preexisting conditions, like congenital heart disease or Type I diabetes, can be grounds for refusal of health insurance by private insurance companies. This leads to a growing number of people who either are uninsured or have inadequate coverage. The costs of routine visits to a doctor, let alone life-saving procedures or long term medical care, are immense and can be impossible to pay off in full by most of the Americans. Thus, there is no regular and monitored access to health care for a growing number of people. Emergency rooms are available to uninsured people if they require urgent medical care, but these visits are not free. Neither do they include continued monitoring. The costs incurred by the government for providing aid to uninsured people run into billions of dollars. Providing some kind of basic health insurance for all American citizens would probably cost the government a lot less, in the long run. Thus, I conclude that universal health care would have numerous advant ages to