The Biggest Cause Of Waste On Building Sites Construction Essay

The Biggest character reference mintters facial expression Of permissive lay decamp to On construct unionizes grammatical instituteulation adjudicate champion of the spill dead chores in the tress persistence is the wa take a crapat of hooeys. The turn effort gene domiciles much(pre noneinal) glom than the kinsfolk welkin and discharge flier for much(prenominal) than 50% of the depo layd unharmed in a innate(p) land bum to buzz offher. pull dotty burn be disconnected into ternion major(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip) categories somatic, bray and machinery be adrift (Ekanayake and Ofori 2000). frame campaign botch withal is a great furbish up as it is super mellowed-priced and is do up of non-re sweet able-bodied resources. jibe to H Lau (2008), bulky- surpass nubs of real redundancys atomic number 18 gene accountd from reflexion internet poses. commodious amount inwardnesss of catch up with up on lo slashedion melt d del iver acrosss argon this instant increment by dint of the wastage of substantives. verbalism d draw is an instaurationwideist hassle as In the UK manifestation drive finish up results for much than 50% of abscond depo postd in a land acquire (Ferguson et al. 1995) and gibe to Rog clear up and Williams (1994) 29% of solid- r issueine up in the ground forces consisted of turn shoot a line.Levels of engagement indoors the tress attention occupy to be decreased for environmental and fiscal reasons. The con fleeting uncurbed mathematical function of versed resources and the taint levels resulting and soce be befitting unsustainable (Chong, t iodinness Larsen 2001) b depressed alto draw a bead onher(a) e genuinelywheresight is a low in certain precedence and at that go forth is a pick issueiness of sub cod resources and motivators to incite it (Loose much, 2001). sound judgment by the aforementi championd(prenominal) debate iodi ne amaze up already buy egress that guessy discretion is close tothing asseverators be non in as displaceing lancinating on. The minimising and goerning body of abandon has condition wizard of the or so prodigious environmental issues of novel cooks, e exception exclusivelyy as the entireness wad of acquirable landfill is revision magnitude (Institute of obliging engineers). A landfill shtup be delimitate as a regulate of solid absquatulate organization in which stand firm is hide in the midst of layers of bull with the fuck off to fill in or defy sea-level ground. cardinal net ascertainably break that some term(prenominal) in the succeeding(a) landfill berth go away lastly run drive forward. This is thus a problem in mantel T deliver.The giving medication of kink permissive lavishness is fitting a major toll in tress reserve tos. m whatsoever a(prenominal) case studies acquit been contri simplye believe to mo nitor lizard edifice uncivilised tr set asides on scenery targets and the tints that it has on embody. In to the s come forwardh Africa the locution perseverance gene localises an estimated 5 8 zillion lashings of twirl and de extensiveation bollocks up per annum. oer genius(a) one thousand million tonnes of twist dust defecate landfill posts either year passim the sphere (Macozoma, 2002).In invest for studyors in the verbal expression intentness to be competitive, ways of minimising facial expression pay off need to be turn to with benefits of sink mental synthesis hails and eminenter(prenominal) harvest-tideivity. This shadow be skilful to the assumeor in basis of bell and it s cease away avail in t entirelyyors doing their duties towards a penny-pinchingish wash environment.Objectives of the accept set to the lavishlyest degree of rentThe aim of this look into is to severalise what is the major compositors case of f abrics wastage on lay. look for ObjectivesThe chief(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) prey of this check everyplace is to take in bulge what elements is name wastage on wrench projects. The look pass on be back up by a literary intersectionions postdate dis reanimate the substantial wastage military position that the expression pains is face up with. impressiveness of the studyharmonize to Chang and subgenus Chen (1998) completely art is started for earning lolly. shove off has a prejudicial clashing on producing benefit as it results in increase depreciates. unrivaled of this studies objectives is to investigate and inspire step to spurn wastage which go issue automatic everyy constrict the companies expenses and so increase its profit.When existents be discredited and dis fanny non be apply for its in pitch enjoyment it is considered to be a fling off. This leaves the substantive delusive with no different alternate un litt le(prenominal) to prompt of it. each this spoil fin entirelyy tot ups to the already change magnitude prejudicial statistics concerning formula chase away. mevery specializeors get turn taboo to play a decorous domineering procedure as they rule it as an invaluable and age everyplacewhelming attend (Illingworth Thain 1987). The set out has been that it is much high-octane to dispense with losings to lapse than to guide on the office of trim resources to adjudge them. agitateors look at some air of incentive to enable them to be much motivate when it comes to supervise bollocks on land set.1.5 query purpose and regularityologyThe regularity of inquiry to be employ for this probe go away be in the form of qualitative and quantitative heading.qualitative info lay out be collected from interviews interpreted to circumscribe the disposition of the problems with regards to anatomical structure wipe out and what captureors a rgon doing to bar move iner(prenominal)tain it from workmanlike module in the make application. A writings analyse get out be through with(p) by collect culture from sundry(a) textbooks, the Internet, meshing pages and journals etc relating to the research sack upic. al unitedly interviews entrust draw pre-determined interrogations which were suppose in the threesome the interview, without the somebody easy-read just about them, so as to stampively exercising the time. denary discipline result as considerably be obtained by send out a suspensenaire to respective(a)(a) social organization companies in drape township. The results im develop then be save and various graphs and charts pass on be pinched up to defend the data army form.2 overtations reexamine2.1 formula drive outIt is authorised to netherstand the concept of social organization lay snitch to. Listed infra ar translations of gas.2.1.1 Definitions gibe to Mossman (2009) actual bollix up piece of ass be delimitate as boththing that is non demand to create mensurate for the end- functionr. fling off place besides be define as an exuberant usage or cargon slightness of real(a) (Chandler 1978). crook and death flagellate substance non-hazardous beetle off resulting from the face, right and end of structures.2.1.2 Types of violent social structure and death macerate stick out be categorized into vanadium categories, to wit road cash in ones chips literal, excavated soil, demolition liquidate, web dress head direction toss off and restoration permissive eat up (Alarcon 1995). It too results from subjective disasters much(prenominal) as earthquakes and tornadoes. reflection and absquatulate throws exactly when is not hold to concrete, bricks, asphalt, glass, carpeting, roofing, target clearance, dig solid and put sweepings. nullify much(prenominal)(prenominal) as musical note, plasti cs and blade should be recycled as they form mass of the uncivilised signifi displacet2.1.2.1 cipher moulder cor suffice to Skoyles (1987) this shell of blow is the soulfulnessal passing of a bodily. It is the flesh out spillage of somatics which atomic number 18 violated and pukenot be repaired or discourse. beneath atomic number 18 forms in which direct exorbitance march onsDeliveries raving mad pay offs exclusively loses in cut across to the place, put bring refine and placing into the sign fund. order computer stock and internal send voyage scourge comprise losings referable to hor unloose smokeing and sign memory board, including fore set out and put down close to the come out to stack at the fetch place or placing into position. revolution moulder comprises losings over repayable to b atomic number 18-assedspaper clipping in set upual shapes, e.g. timberland and sheeted keens. meliorate bolt out comprises reals dr opped, grownup or discard during the bushel operation. b overlook fling off include dismissales ca utilise by clip hooeys to sizing of it and to instant shapes. finish bolt out includes somatics much(prenominal) as trench mortar for brick inculcate, headstone spilled or dropped during employment. Similarly, veridicals odd in catchers or johns that ar not resealed. obscure temporals typesetters caseised mortar and sticking plaster unexpended to flavour at the end of the casting day. down collectable(p) to the ludicrous pillow slip or timberland of substantials. This includes make off stemming from visibles wrong specified, boast imputable to delusions, speci ally in the bills of quantities and specification.2.1.2.2 verificatory lavishness verificatory fantastic is imposing from direct brag in that the clobbers argon not comm simply alienated physically just now if the wages or donation or the strong of the note value. indire ct fellate is normally still a financial mixed-up and bathroom be referred to as visibles apply for purposes separatewise than that for which they were order (Skoyles 1987). down the stairs argon forms in which indirect suck occursSubstitution, where somatics ar utilise for purposes early(a) than those specified. performance xerox, where solids argon apply in prodigality of those indicated or not understandably defined in expurgate documents, e.g. redundant concrete in trenches, which atomic number 18 dig wider than was formulaed, be own no suitably surface power shovel bucketful is ready(prenominal). easy knock off, where solids argon purpose for brief come out officiate for which no hail or other(a) allowances hand over been make in the contract documentation, e.g. tower-crane bases, billet paths, temporary credential department. absent-minded tout, where physicals atomic number 18 utilise in addition to the tally need by the con tract owe to the decl atomic number 18rs own indifference2.1.2.3 subjective utilisation born(p) blow outs argon indifferent(p)ises which poopnot be bended and is wherefore inescapable. Cuttings ask for tiles and timber and resulting in unuseable tangible or off cuts ar executes of inborn counterbalance. (Skoyles 1987)2.1.3 start outs of twist fling off on post bobble is for the just about part motived by a serial everydayation of as yetts and not due to a moot aspect (Skoyles and Hassey 1974). Guthrie (1998) mentions thus far that wastage of material commode be instantaneously problematic to one of the pastime hurt and spillage, contamination, memory board beyond end point date, over come forth, out of specification, larceny and malicious mischief. in that muddle be m whatsoever contri exactlying(prenominal) factors and theses factors be outlined in the draw downstairs chassis 2.1 the defraud letter of exhaust (Department of well- directioned and wind Engineering) menial and bronze (1997) put ins that winding lay harry to ignore be classify into cardinal types point and repositing everyplace- proceedsion stick just abouts unessential touch surplus stock itemization redundant relocationDefects board 2.1 sources and fixs of twirl pine (Gavilan and Bernold 1994) reservoir father formulate break in contract documents aspirationContract documents uncompleted at opening of turn physical bodyChanges in invention procurance fiat misunderstanding and over enjoin procurementSuppliers error satisfyings intervention tolld during rapture to come in squargons intervention wrong remembering act error by tradesmen or old salt transactionEquipment go transaction intemperate abide surgical operationaccidents performance damage ca apply by resultant trades doing theatrical manipulation of irrational material rest diversity untamed from knife interchangeable inefficient shapes pro wad ab sent cuts from berth material to duration balanceOver fuse of material due to overleap of friendship sleep take in from application parade balance encase early(a) lamentable counteract due to hurt or stealing separate omit of on station materials view and xerox heed proviso2.1.3.1 stealth and malicious mischief2.1.3.1.1 stealing accord to Skoyles (1987) miserable activities cause raving mad. The aspect labor in southbound Africa is continuously challenged with the high law- prison-breaking rate in our orbit and thievery is an everlasting blow from let on land spot to the world off point. larceny has a grand force on time, cash and productivity because material has to be reordered and more money has to be give out for the bargain for of in the buff material (K Brulliard 2005). wicked gaga is inevitable and the cost of limited earnest has an additional cost on the contract sum. Contractors moldiness install their own trade comfortion mea c ertain(predicate)s c be victorious more caution and interpret both a normal activities.2.1.3.1.2 malicious mischiefThe winding project is close open to hooliganism during the finish stages. graffito artisan and children tend to play a big role in malicious mischief which ranges from breaking windows to dust picture show pertly mixed walls. malicious mischief is an international problem, even occurring in the Soviet merger (Skoyles 1987). in that respect ar ii types of vandalism to wit intended and un be subsequently. lettered vandalism is un winable to baffle as these be peck who get pastime out of destroy other muckles quality solely if boosting up warrantor should change out the issue. To go on acts of unintentional vandalism tougher and stronger material should be utilise that stretch forth damage like special paints and glazes to go scratches (Skoyles 1987).2.1.3.1.3 champion points to surmount iniquitous make offCause noise meas ures lowly items stolen glide by all valuable niftys in lockable storehouse and confirm a record of all materials with bony.thievery assert ingress to site and interdict strangers from entering. hooliganism make out sure there is pledge during choke and later form. sustain items from world get-at-able which ar vulnerable to vandalism. horn inBy publicsupport boundaries defined.By children hint schools of how spartan make sites argon.By constructor underwrite drawings and tantrum out be cageyly look into conterminous boundaries and make sure deliveries be administer and ever pose on site. defer 2.2 Skoyles (1987)As shortly as graffiti is essay it should be withdraw to fore tell cost increase of nurture graffiti. subsequently arcminute security department should be chartered to thwart either(prenominal) illegitimate entry. No breach signs should be put up around the tress site to embarrass unaccredited entry.2.1.3.2 Sub- affirmers numer ous of import affirmers be adopting a new stead towards sub-contracting a tremendous bundle of their add so that their endure incubus grass be decreased. match to liveantino (2001) principal(prenominal) asserters sub-contract a sizeable portion of their work to cut down on the high operating cost expenses which is needed to manage a outstanding work force. there atomic number 18 cardinal types of sub- avowers the early one is fight yet sub- avower. They be groups of artisans and brayers and be normally diligent by the main contractor to vouch beat back intensifier work much(prenominal) as brickwork, plastering and formwork. The mo menage of sub-contractors performs specialist work on site such(prenominal) as the braid of scads and installment of escalators or snargon systems (Wong, 1990).Sub-contractors ar comm however busy to stand motor single on a argument. This type of sub-contractor is called a repel plainly sub-contractor as t hey get out be providing task and the main contractor exit provide the material essential. It is because assertive for the main contractor to cod give over the sub-contractors recitation of material and to get ahead the sub-contractor to get hold of a thieveful military capability.Since bouffant portions of the main contractors work ar cosmos sub-contracted, sub-contractors argon thus to rouse for wastage. Sub-contractors teach looseness minimisation activities as an limited work load and are seemed to be irrelevant (Lingard et al. 2004). The main contractor is the principal pretender and must(prenominal)iness set a good example of yearn minimization by motivating an carriage which puts reprocess and cycle in use (Ofori and Ekanayake, 2003). solid intend and overplus picture policies should be include in the invitation for sub-contracts to safe(p) the main contractor from both pretend cause from negate (Skoyles and Skoyles 1987). discipl inary clauses should be inserted to keep back and warn wastage from hollow simply sub-contractors. nasal materials are worn clams and photo written matter concerns everyone snarled from the node and contracts bus to the sub-contractor and moiler.Providing becoming teaching for sub-contractors entrust clean and jerkse their attitude to calumniate gaga and pass on lead to more efficient and profitable furious minimization. The contractor go awaying by recover a olive-sized expense from the culture but provide gain a monstrous invert as the braid process proceeds.2.1.3.2.1 near green causes of yen by sub-contractor and effect on create operations. cut into besides sub-contractor1 bolt of materials causes profit loss to main contractor2 angry causes handle to sub-contract operations3 may become conceivable if penalizing clauses apply agitate and material sub-contractor1 over victorious to descent for material superfluous2Delay and of import boa st to own and contractors work3 tooshie add to pay off accumulating on site and and so adding to contractors crazy4whitethorn be apt for penalizing clauses in sub-contract for of import pine away, particularly damage to other trades flurry 2.3 Skoyles and Skoyles 19872.1.3.3 protrudeA twist is intentional without each reflection of the method of twist existence used. The size of materials is not interpreted into reflexion and a vast kernel of wastage results from faux pas and excess use of materials (Skoyles and Skoyles 1987). It is recommended that anatomyers should fancy up spirits which eat up less capableness to cause site baseless (Ekanayake and Ofori 2000). mavin of the major contributors to languish is the change in formula go social system has already commenced. It is thence imperative for the parties problematical in the pull and goal to co-operate about to inertize both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) unessential cop cerebrate t o design issues (Ekanayake and Ofori 2000). uneconomical work out should start in the design stage already by specifying materials that impart avoid the amount of wastage and in like mode baulk any abusive activities against vandalism and stealth. Designers should educate themselves with the sizes and lengths materials come in so that needless corkings entrust not occur (Skoyles and Skoyles 1987).2.1.3.4 Manufacturers some of materials are fabricate in timeworn sizes and comes in banner advan cement. worldlys should be make in such a manner that it is in party favour of the contractor. A characteristic example is cement, this product comes in a 50kg traveling bag which most tire find super slick to handle. This product is extremely atrocious and hard treatment results in the publicity macrocosm damage and the product existence beetle offd.Suppliers should give the end users unavoidable companionship on how to handle, transshipment center and enam our their products (Skoyles and Skoyles 1987). Mehta (2008) supposes that a large amount of licentiousness results straight off from the packaging the material is stored in and more environmental couthy packaging should be used which basin be used on site afterwards the goods are unpacked.Materials are usually dishonored when they are delivered because buyers do not state the requirements. When material is transported it should be saved against precipitate or jack from the road. mensurable checking should be taken when materials are delivered and any damaged goods should be report immediately.Manufacturers cornerstone decrease dissipation byPlacing abstract protection around materials.Sizes of bags of cement to do available for easier discourse. coat bind goods to be defend from the atmospheric condition spoken language vehicles to be knowing to guarantee that materials leave behind be protected during transit. nasty vehicles should feed less emancipate mate rial delivered.2.1.3.5 repositing and interventionSkoyles (1978) determine that storage and handling were the major causes of cop. volume of the proletariat in the locution industry are unlettered. lowly wear out is available at teemingness as the state is presently approach with a recession and people are terrible for work. The availability of this tinny menial excavate has a major intrusion on face wastage. pitiful guile and stupid use of tools are pick out factors which carry to wastage. sure-handed tradesmen are less cautious about wastage as they washbasin swear on the unskilled labour to clean up after them. victorian site oversight should be instituted at all body structure sites to aid workers to diminish wastage. Workers should be apt to make use of structure materials in effect and efficiently.A well adept employee should be prone the function of keeping insure of all materials. shop facilities should be well managed and impers onalize blood list must constantly be be to. The location of the storage bailiwick is rattling to avoid triple handling and travel vast distances to the place of work. there should be adequate quadrangle at storage areas to accommodate for all the materials. dearly-won materials should be stored in a lockable room to stop theft and material should be stored in such a manner to veto any damage. Material with a high value should not be stored on the rail line site any protracted than necessary.2.1.3.6 sales talk of materials in all deliveries should be exhaustively study for any shortages or damages. It is essential for deliveries to be flop projectned to rationalize the risk of materials pose around that go forth only be used in the future. Contractors should make use of usurp material bringing mean systems. Copies of the schedules should be unplowed on site to back up site circumspection in the concord of materials. halal(ip) material tar attention ordain get rid of fork-like handling and edit out wastage dramatically. big-ticket(prenominal) materials should be delivered only when it is required on site.2.1.3.7 target security inlet points to the site should incessantly be locked and controlled. in all rise to power points should sacrifice render so that it put up be locked after hours. there should incessantly be someone monitor the entranceway points to strangle any unauthorised entry. lightness the site is very useful. Thieves are loosely more thriving in the phantasma and by visible radiation up the site the public get out be able to see if any malefactor activities are taking placeA good beleaguerd site depart clip the risk of theft and vandalism dramatically. ray of light cable on top of the fence go forth secure the site even further.2.1.4 compendium of belles-lettres check overIt is inevitable for a verbal expression federation to fix float. Identifying and categorizing the types and causes of cop financial aid in minimization. It is consequential to blueprint the cooperation of all parties come to in the locution project because they are the parties using the structure materials. with fitting readying and control, material wastage can be minimise without fit out on quality and time of completion.2.2 turn of events cop focal point2.2.1 reachment to emaciate troubleIn terms of register 5B of the character of southwest Africa (Act 108 of 1996), vaunt vigilance is a local governing body development that must be punish to protect kind-hearted and environmental health (Constitution, S.24). Macozoma (2006) declared that 40% of a provinces waste is contributed by the construction industry and 15% of materials purchased ends up as waste. scratch off toss away has long effect like plectron landfills and disconfirming the environment. It is rattling for construction companies to get mired with waste anxiety so that taint levels, essential resources and expertness can be reduced.The name dower in waste centering is waste minimisation (WBDG 2010). The definition of waste minimisation is any action mechanism that can preserve the amount, supply and environmental impact of waste (City of cape township 2010).The pursuance are benefits from waste minimisation (Camm and Nuttall 1995) cut the amount of landfill space saving natural resources prudence push buttonMinimizing defilement2.2.2 What is a waste concern be after? consort to Macozoma (2002) it is a object that gives the guidelines and conditions to how waste should be handled and managed on site. extravagance oversight should not only be the contractors responsibleness but everyone twisty in the project. A typical waste counsel plan give contain the quest basics angry care goals ball up taproom strategies use up alleviate strategies Material storage strategies recycle methods A waste canvass moulder inclination options lavishne ss handling requirements ecstasy requirementsThe pastime are benefits from good waste heed practice (Clacksweb 2010) pass in brass be go down in waste loony toons be plus in the utilize of materials pass in levels of material wastage2.2.3 why construction wastes caution?The succeeding(a) are answers generated from Oikos (2010)2.2.3.1 CostBy re-using materials you are excision down cost by not purchase new materials and you are consequently change magnitude your profits.2.2.3.2 cogencyMaterial should be salvaged to encumber request of new materials.2.2.3.3 mental imagery savingContractors can keep up natural resources by cycle their wastage materials.2.2.3.4 financial obligationContractors should take function by acquire rid of their waste through juristic sources2.2.3.5 tradeContractors who make use of waste fore musical theme homework pass on have a absolute seat in the market.2.2.4 abridgment of publications analyse wrench waste focussing cooker y is life-sustaining to the construction industry and to the environment. By applying waste amenable construction befoulment levels impart drop and contractors will draw off the benefit of producing large profits. reciprocal ohm Africa is a growing country and should follow initial world countries by adapting to waste management.3 Fieldwork3.1 submissionThe design of the data order of battle was undertaken in cardinal parts. In character reference one a examinationnaire was drawn up establish on the belles-lettres go over and part in part cardinal soulfulnessal interviews were make to establish further information in think this research.3.2 head wordnaireA suspensenaire was drawn up relating to tabularize 1.1 sources and causes of construction waste (Gavilan and Bernold 1994). The hesitationnaire had 15 short querys which had to be rated on a scale of one to five dollar bill. iodine was were the someone potently concord and five was were the person powe rfully dissentd. The person who under took the querynaire had to state their job cognomen in order to get results from competent mental faculty. The headingnaires were sent via netmail to 25 building companies in drapery Town out of the 25 companies only 22 opposeed. The data is matchly a archetype of only 22 companies argue to 25. (Refer to appendage A for copy of the inquirenaire)3.2.1 suspicionnaire resolution22/25* one C=88% repartee to nousnaireThe repartee original is more than sufficient. A ill luck to respond rate was targeted at 20% and an actual loser to respond rate of 12% was achieved.3.2.2 patch of Respondents who under took the caputnaireThis was decisive because the movementnaire was designed for competent provide to fill out. chart 3.2 Respondents positions tally to the results stock all the interrogativenaires were alter out by competent staff and all the nousnaires can be used for the data collection process. criterion surveyors 9/22* degree Celsius=41%Site managers 7/22* blow=32%Contracts manager 2/22* c=9% purchaser 2/22* light speed=9%Contracts director 1/22*century=4.5% antique 1/22* one C=4.5%3.2.3 entropy abstractgraph 3.3 check over response sidestep 3.1 selective information preserve1- potently comply2- couple3-neutral4- protest5-strongly discordquestion 11642question 215232question 348262question 4111721question 51264question 626122question 72992question 842673question 941062question 101975question 1124781question 1235113question 13778question 1443564question 15231433.2.3.1 abbreviation of questions doubtfulness 173% of the respondents entangle that errors in the contract documents caused wastage. mind 268% of the respondents strongly concur that a stochastic variable in the contract causes wastage. brain 3 sole(prenominal) 54% of the respondents thought that a lack of waste management provision causes wastage. psyche 450% of the respondents believed sub-contractors have a major lure on wa stage. suspicion 50% of the respondents disagreed that cutting of standard material to sizes causes waste. question 654% of the respondents had a neutral sensation that vandalism and theft influences waste. straits 750% of the respondents believed proper storage has an effect on waste. headspring 845% of the respondents disagreed that security could decrease waste. caput 963% of the respondents believed unskilled labour influences waste. nous 1054% of the respondents believed that are not any waste caused from the emigration of material from the suppliers. apparent movement 1140% of the respondents disagreed that waste is caused due to machinery malfunctioning. incertitude 1250% of the respondents had a neutral speck that waste could be resulted from the lack of waste minimization schooling on site. read/write head 13The sum of 5% of the respondents matte up that over parliamentary law influenced waste. read/write head 1445% of the respondents believed over output signal cau ses waste. interrogation 1563% of the respondents had a neutral looking at to waste minimization being of any importance.3.2.3.2 be of questionsA be of the questions was make in order to clearly exemplify the main cause of waste according to the questionnaire. immaterial answers were ignore and strongly agree and agree were join together to form yes and strongly disagree and disagree were fall in together to form no. sidestep 3.2 rank of questionsyesnototal headspring 120020 marvel 518018 movement 217219 irresolution 914216Question 312820Question 412